Micropropagtaion of ornamental plants using tissue culture technique, is a new efficient method for propagation of plants. Lilium is an ornamental plant, which is highly valuable in international flower markets. Due to Iran’s dependency to the importation of Lilium bulbs, it is highly desirable to propagate this plant efficiently in the country. One of the most effective techniques for propagation of Lilium is in vitro direct BULBLET PRODUCTION using scale explants. To find the best plant growth regulators concentrations for direct BULBLET PRODUCTION of Lilium longiflorum cv. ‘Gironde’, four concentrations of BAP (0, 0.03, 0.3, 3 mg l-1) in combination with three concentrations of NAA (0, 0.03, 0.3 mg l-1) were evaluated. Scale explants placed on MS basal medium supplemented with 60 g l-1 sucrose and 7 g l-1 agar after surface sterilization. The substrate for acclimatization and growth of in vitro BULBLETs were also studied. The experiment conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) and statistical analysis was made using SAS software and mean comparison was carried out using Duncan's multiple range test. BULBLET PRODUCTION parameters including number of scales per BULBLET, BULBLET length, weight and diameter, rooting percentage, and position of BULBLET formation in each explant (basal, lateral and distal) were analyzed. The results showed that BAP and NAA had a significant effect on all measured parameters. The combination of 0.03 mg l-1 BAP with 0.3 mg l-1 NAA produced the most BULBLET number and the highest rooting percentage. Basal part of the explants, produced the most BULBLETs in comparison with lateral and distal parts. Peat was the best substrate (soil mixture) for in vitro BULBLET's growth and development for Lilium longiflorum cv. ‘Gironde’.

An attempt was made to regenerate BULBLETs from ex vitro node explants of hybrid lilies in the year 2007. Node sections (3-4 mm) isolated from the middle part of the stem in hybrid lilies were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with several combinations of NAA and BA. Growth regulator-free medium was not effective in inducing BULBLET regeneration. A significant increase in the percent of explant producing BULBLETs and number of BULBLETs per explants was observed when 2 mg/l NAA was used in combination with 1.5 or 2 mg/l BA. The heaviest BULBLETs were obtained with 2 mg/l NAA in combination with 1.5 mg/l BA after 90 days of culture.The cultivar Apeldoorn produced greater number of BULBLETs whereas more weighty BULBLETs were produced in the cultivar Beartix. 1 or 2 mg/l IBA was most effective in producing roots. The rooted BULBLETs were hardened with 80-82% survival success after 30 days of transfer in the pots.

To optimize conditions for micropropagating Galanthus transcaucasicus Fomin, the effect of explant type, different concentrations of sucrose, type and different concentrations of auxin were examined on BULBLET PRODUCTION. For the induction of BULBLETs, three types of bulb scales were usesd as explants. A two-step sterilization procedure was applied. Assessments were made after incubation for 20 weeks at 23±1ºC with 16h photoperiods. Highest number of BULBLETs were proliferated culturing bulb scales on modified MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg.l-1 BA and 2.0 mg.l-1 IBA. About 27% of BULBLETs were bigger than 5 mm in diameter, suitable for acclimatization. With the increase of sucrose concentration, number of BULBLETs decreased, but their size increased. This protocol provided a basis for future study on large-scale multiplication system for commercial nurseries of Galanthus transcaucasicus.

Identifying the constraining factors of PRODUCTION and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the PRODUCTION constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

In this research, possibility of BULBLET PRODUCTION from different cuttings including leaf, leaf-bud and leafy-stem of Lilium oriental hybrid cv. ‘Star Gazer’ evaluated under different levels of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg per liter (ppm). The cuttings were taken from stems which grown from cold treated bulbs in early October. A factorial experiment was done in Department of Horticulture Sciences, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran in 2014-2015, based on Randomized complete blocks design with three replications and nine cuttings per replicate. The results showed that rooting percentage and leaf number decreased on leaf cuttings by increasing auxin concentration, while these traits increased on leaf-bud and leafy stem cuttings. In contrast to the results in the rooting and leaf number traits, number of BULBLETs rose in leaf cuttings from 14 in control to 21, in leaf-bud cuttings from three to 20 and in leafy stem cuttings from one to 16 in IBA levels of 250, 500 and 750 ppm, respectively. Exceeding IBA concentration had reverse effect on BULBLET number, correspondingly. Even so, leaf number and rooting percentage declined on leaf cuttings by application of IBA, but it was useful for PRODUCTION of more BULBLETs on leaf, leaf-bud and leafy-stem cuttings in IBA levels of 250, 500 and 750 ppm, respectively.

Introduction: Lily (L. ledebourii) is the rarestspeciesof the genus Lilium, and grows in Caucasus region. Iranis one of the important distribution areas of this endangered species. It is important as an ornamental plant due to its large and attractive white flowers that are equal to those of commercial lilies in terms of beauty. The two main constraints on growing this plant are a low multiplication rate and the high cost of bulb PRODUCTION. Five to ten flowers commonly appear on each plant, even specimens with up to 15 flowers have been observed. Plant tissue culture techniques are widely used in plant propagation and using these methods can effectively provide micro-propagation of this plant in large scale. High percentage ofregeneration is necessary for plant protection, using in the breeding programs and gene transfer to this plant. Therefore, the effect of plant growth regulators and abiotic stress (ultrasound) werestudied on the BULBLET PRODUCTION and root induction of Lilium ledebourii. Materials and Methods: The experiment was factorial based on completely randomized design with four replicattions and was carried out in tissue culture lab of University of MohagheghArdabili in 2015. For this purpose, segmentsof scale explant was treated with ultrasound and cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BA alone and/or in combination with each other. In this experiment, different concentrations of NAA (0, 0. 01, 0. 1 and 1 mgl-1) and BA (0, 0. 01, 0. 1 and 1 mgl-1) and different Ultrasound exposure duration (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 second) were studied. In order to remove possible contamination from the media, all media were autoclaved for 20 minutes at 121 ° C. At the end of the experiment, the number of BULBLET, root length, fresh weight of BULBLET were recorded. The cultures were kept at 25± 2° C under illumination with daylight fluorescent lamps (30 mol m-2s-1) at 16 h photoperiod. Data was subjected for analysis of variance and compare means using SPSS 16. Results and Discussion: The results showed that ultrasound had negative effect onroot length, so that the highest root length was observed in explants without ultrasound treatment. Result also indicated that ultrasound had positive effect on BULBLET PRODUCTION and root induction. A different effect of growth regulators was observed in similar media on the BULBLET formation percentage. The 0. 1 NAA concentration had a higher efficiency while increasing NAA insignificantly decreased BULBLET induction. The highest total weight and number of BULBLETs obtained by 0. 1 mgl-1 NAA. Concentrations of NAA increased rooting percentage. Different concentrations of NAA had also significant effects on some traits. So that, the highest weight of BULBLETs obtained by 0. 01 and 0. 1 mgl-1 BA and the highest number of roots obtained in control. BULBLET maximum mean weightwas in30 seconds ofultrasoundtreatment, which hada significantdifference with the control treatment (without ultrasoundtreatment). In the other hand, ultrasound increased the number and weight of BULBLETs. Mechanical stress and microstreaming by acoustic cavitation might be considered as the most possible cause of the various physiological effects of ultrasound on cells. The enhancement of V-ATPase transport and ATP hydrolysis activities seem to be an ultrasound-induced metabolic response of cells. High-intensity ultrasound is well known to be destructive to biological materials, disrupting the cell membranes and deactivating biological molecules such as enzymes and DNA. Low-intensity ultrasound, on the other hand, has shown a range of sub lethal biological effects that are of potential significance in biotechnology. There are several processes that take place in the presence of cells or enzymes activated by ultrasonic waves. High-energy ultrasonic waves break the cells and denature the enzymes. Low-energy ultrasound can modify cellular metabolisms or facilitate the uptake of nutrient, and make them easily through the cellular walls and membranes. In the case of enzymes, the increase in the mass transfer rate of the reagents to the active site seems to be a most important factor. Conclusions: The results showedthattheBULBLET PRODUCTION at first stages and a little root formation in tissue culture is useful for fast BULBLET inductionandthenrooting. Finally, it seems that ultrasound in combination with plant growth regulators have the potential to produce the highest average number of BULBLETs in the scale explant.

Introduction: Amaryllis is grown as pot outdoor plant and cut flower. Generally, this ornamental plant propagates by seed, suckers and scale cutting. Propagating by seed is not commercial and often used to produce new varieties. On the other hand, number of BULBLETs per mother bulb is very low under normal condition. Besides each bulb produces only 2 or 3 BULBLETs in a growing season and they become mature and produce flower stalk after 2 to 3 years. In some cases bulbs have no capacity to produce BULBLET. Therefore, one of the strategies for shortening the growth period of the plant is to improve the traditional methods of plant propagations...

Introduction: Lily (Lilium spp. ) is one of the most beautiful and popular ornamental bulbous plants that belongs to the Liliaceae family. Lilies (Lilium spp. ) belong to one of the six more important genera of bulbous flowers, which is the fourth most famous plant in the world after Rose, Dianthus, and Chrysanthemum. The genus Lilium comprises more than 100 species, which are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere. These species are taxonomically divided into seven sections, including Martagon, Pseudolirium, Lilium, Archelirion, Sinomartagon, Leucolirion, and Oxypetalum. It has been suggested that early removal of Lily buds should enhance Lily bulb yield. Disbudding improves the process of bulb development through its influence on the accumulation and transport of carbohydrates in Lily bulbs. In several studies, the effect of bud removal on vegetative characteristics and propagation of Lily bulbs including cut flower length, leaf area, size and weight of the bulb, number, and size of bulbs, number, and size of scales have been reported. With considering the importance of Lily bulb PRODUCTION in the country and the lack of current research on new Lilium hybrids, including various Oriental and OT hybrids, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of cultivar and disbudding on the vegetative characteristics of Lily flowers and its effect on PRODUCTION and multiplication of Lily. Materials and Methods: To study the effect of cultivar and disbudding on the growth and bulb PRODUCTION of Lily, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two cultivars (the Tiber and Donato), and three disbudding items (D0= No disbudding, D1= Disbudding at the stage of bud appearance, and D3= Disbudding at the stage of 3 cm bud length) was conducted in three replications. This research was carried out in hydroponic greenhouses in Dehaghan city, Isfahan province, in an area with a longitude of 51˚, 61´ E, 31˚, 96´ N, and 2004 m mean above sea level. Temperature, humidity, and light intensity inside the greenhouse during the growing period was 15-25 ℃, 50-70 percent, and 20-30 kilolux, respectively. Evaluated characteristics included the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, number of buds, bulb weight, number of the scale, scale size, number of BULBLETs, and propagation coefficient. Results and Discussion: The results showed that cultivar and disbudding (Except stem diameter) significantly affect all evaluated traits, while their interaction had a significant impact on bulb weight, BULBLET number, propagation coefficient, bulb size, and scale size. In the Donato cultivar, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, bulb weight, bulb size, scale size, number of bulbs, and propagation coefficient were 32. 9%, 6. 9%, 35. 3%, 40. 9%, 14. 2%, 70. 1%, 77. 9%, and 8. 2%, respectively higher than Tiber cultivar, while in the Tiber cultivar, the number of leaves and number of scales was 12. 5% and 54. 9%, respectively higher than the Donato cultivar. The highest plant height and leaf area were observed in non-disbudding treatment. However, the shortest stem and the smallest leaf were observed in disbudding at the stage of bud appearance and disbudding at the stage of 3 cm bud length which was 10. 1% and 9. 4%, respectively less than the non-disbudding treatment. By disbudding at the stage of bud appearance, the maximum number of scales, the heaviest bulb, the largest bulb, and the maximum scale size was measured that increased by 11. 3%, 91. 2%, 23. 3%, and 39. 2%, respectively compared to the non-disbudding treatment, while the lowest value of mentioned traits was recorded with non-disbudding treatment. By applying bud removal treatments up to the third level, the number of leaves, the number of bulbs, and propagation coefficient increased by 2. 7%, 37. 0%, and 3. 6%, respectively, compared to the non-disbudding treatment, although there was no statistically significant difference between disbudding at the stage of 3 cm and disbudding at the stage of bud appearance. On the other hand, the lowest value of these traits occurred in the non-disbudding treatment. In the Tiber cultivar, the highest bulb weight, bulb size, and scale size were obtained by disbudding at the stage of bud appearance, which showed an increase of 93. 5%, 24. 0%, and 53. 9%, respectively, compared to the non-disbudding treatment. Furthermore, in the Donato cultivar, disbudding at the stage of bud appearance significantly increased bulb weight, bulb size, and scale size by 89. 4%, 22. 8%, and 31. 5%, respectively, compared to the non-disbudding. Also, the highest BULBLET number and propagation coefficient in this cultivar were obtained by disbudding at the stage of 3 cm bud length, which increased 58. 3% and 0. 7%, respectively compared to the non-disbudding treatment. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the Donato cultivar has a significant advantage in most of the evaluated traits over the Tiber cultivar, which can be attributed to the genetic distance between different Oriental and OT hybrids. Disbudding at the stage of bud appearance, if the end of the branch is not damaged, was the most appropriate treatment for replanting, PRODUCTION, and propagating of Lily bulb.

Background and Objectives: Garlic has the second rank in Allium species in the case of highly used plant species after onion with high nutritional and medicinal values. Hamedan province is one of the important areas of garlic PRODUCTION in Iran. Meristem culture is an in vitro BULBLET PRODUCTION method for removing the viral diseases. Multivariate statistical methods simultaneously evaluated several genotypes in terms of numerous characters and are widely used to assess the genetic diversity. The purposes of current study are use of multivariate methods to assess and initial classification of Hamedan garlic clones according to micropropagation and in vitro BULBLET PRODUCTION traits derived from meristem culture and preliminary identification of most desirable traits on BULBLET PRODUCTION.Material and methods: Ten different garlic clones of Hamedan province were used in this experiment as plant materials. The garlic cortex were separated and washed by distillated water then sterilized by ethanol (70%) for 10 min and sodium hypochlorite (2%) for 30 min. After decontamination, meristems were separated in sterile condition under a binocular microscope and were cultured on MS culture medium supplemented with 5 mM NAA and 10 mM BA. The cultured samples were then transferred to growth chamber with 25oC temperature and photoperiod of 16.8 h (day/night). Meristem culture experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with 3 replications in 2015. After 38 days, micropropagation and BULBLET PRODUCTION traits were measured on different clones of garlic. Finally, multivariate statistic methods were used to classification of clones and to detection of the most effective traits on in vitro BULBLET PRODUCTION. Results: Results of principal components analysis showed that three first principal components explained 71% of the total variance. According to these results, BULBLET globularity, root weight, leaf number, mean of leave length, BULBLET number and the longest leaf showed highest effects on two first principal components. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that leaf number, BULBLET globularity and mean of leave length were the most important effective traits on yield (BULBLET number) and explained 77.88% of total variance. Based on path analysis results, the traits of number of leaf and mean of leave length showed the maximum positive direct and significant at.

Lilium is an ornamental plant which is highly valuable in international flower markets. Due to Iran’s dependency to the importation of lilium bulbs, it is highly desirable to propagate this plant efficiently within the country. One of the most effective techniques for propagation of lilium is tissue culture techniques, preferably through BULBLET PRODUCTION. Some experiments were carried out to obtain a practical protocol for mass PRODUCTION of BULBLETs of two commercial lilium cultivars, Girande, an Asiatic hybrid, and Cassandra, an Oriental hybrid. Effects of sucrose concentrations (30, 60 and 90 gl-1), bulb scale position (external, central and internal) and the best soil mixture were studied. Factorial experiments based on complete randomized design were used. Explants were placed on MS basal medium supplemented with 0.03 mgl-1 NAA and 0.3 mgl-1 BAP and 7 gl-1 agar after surface sterilization. Data of BULBLET PRODUCTION parameters including number of BULBLETs per explant, number of scales per BULBLET, mean of diameter, length, weight, number of rooted BULBLET per explant and position of BULBLET formation were analyzed cv. Cassandra showed better results for most in vitro BULBLET PRODUCTION parameters compared to Gironde. Results showed that central scales and 60 gl-1 sucrose in both cultivars were most effective on length and the best position of BULBLET to be chosen. Basal parts of the bulb scales produced the most BULBLETs compared to the lateral and distal parts, in both cultivars. Peat was the best substrate for in vitro BULBLET's growth and development for both two cultivars. Generally, lilium cultivars produced different in vitro BULBLETs in size.